饶恩铭,任景玲,辛成林,张国玲

• 1:中国海洋大学海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室
• 2:青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室

摘要(Abstract)：

为了解三峡工程建成后长江流域颗粒物的风化状况及颗粒态重金属的变化规律和污染程度,于2009年8—10月对长江干流及主要南、北支流悬浮颗粒进行采样调查。本文采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对颗粒态常量金属(Al、Ca、Fe、K、Na)及重金属(Cr、Zn、Cu、Ni、V)进行测定。利用化学风化指数(CIA)估算长江流域颗粒物的风化程度,结果表明:长江干流的化学风化指数在62～75之间,风化程度下游高于上游,气温、岩石类型及地势是主要的影响因素。长江流域南、北支流颗粒物CIA平均值分别为71和66,主要受岩石类型和南北气候影响,与三峡工程前相比CIA值无明显变化。利用富集因子(EF)估算长江流域颗粒态重金属污染程度,结果表明:总体长江干流及北岸支流污染较轻,仅Cu、Zn处于中等程度富集。南岸支流湘江、螳螂川颗粒态Cu、Zn显著污染,主要受采矿及人为排污的影响。采用因子分析对干流上、下游颗粒态金属的组成进行来源分析,提取了三个因子,结果表明主要受自然来源影响,同时也受到人类活动(大坝拦截、排污)及化学风化影响。

关键词(KeyWords)： 颗粒态重金属;颗粒态常量金属;化学风化;分布特征;影响因素;长江流域

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家重点研究发展计划项目(2016YFA0600902);; 国家自然科学基金项目(41676072)资助~~

作者(Author): 饶恩铭,任景玲,辛成林,张国玲

DOI: 10.16441/j.cnki.hdxb.20180253

参考文献(References)：

• [1]Zhang J,Huang W W,Wang Q.Concentration and partitioning of particulate trace metals in the Changjiang(Yangtze River)[J].Water Air&Soil Pollution,1990,52(1-2):57-70.
• [2]辛成林.长江流域、黄河下游颗粒态金属地球化学特征及其比较[D].青岛:中国海洋大学化学化工学院,2013.Xin C L.Geochemical Characteristics of Particulate Metal Elements and Their Comparison in the Changjiang Drainage Basin and the Lower Reach of Huanghe.Qingdao:College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Ocean University of China,2013.
• [3]Peng B,Tang X,Yu C,et al.Geochemistry of trace metals and Pb isotopes of sediments from the lower most Xiangjiang River,Hunan Province(P.R.China):Implications on sources of trace metals[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2011,64(5):1455-1473.
• [4]Song Y,Ji J,Mao C,et al.Heavy metal contamination in suspended solids of Changjiang River-environmental implications[J].Geoderma,2010,159(3-4):286-295.
• [5]池俏俏,朱广伟.太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物中重金属的含量[J].环境化学,2005,24(5):582-585.Chi Q Q,Zhu G W.Heavy-metal contents in suspended solids of Meiliang Bay,Taihu Lake[J].Environmental Chemistry,2005,24(5):582-585.
• [6]Wu Q,Zhou H,Tam N F Y,et al.Contamination,toxicity and speciation of heavy metals in an industrialized urban river:Implications for the dispersal of heavy metals[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,104(1-2):153.
• [7]王晓彤.长江中下游颗粒态金属元素时空分布特征探究[C].上海:华东师范大学,2017.Wang X T.Study of Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Metal Elements in Suspended Partical Matters in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River[C].Shanghai:East China Normal University,2017.
• [8]包伟静,曹双,绺红.三峡水库蓄水前后大通水文站泥沙变化过程分析[J].水资源研究,2010(3):21-23.Bao WJ,Cao S,Liu H,et al.Analysis of sediment variation process at Datong hydrometric station before and after impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Water resources Research,2010(3):21-23.
• [9]袁文昊,李茂田,陈中原,等.三峡建坝后长江宜昌-汉口河段水沙与河床的应变[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,2016(2):90-100.Yuan WH,Mao-Tian L I,Chen Z Y,et al.Responses of runoffsediment flux and bedform in the Middle Yangtze River to the completion of the Three Gorges Dam[J].Journal of East China Normal University,2016,2016(2):90-100.
• [10]裴中平,辛小康,胡圣.三峡库区干支流水体营养状态评价[J].水力发电,2018(1):1-4.Pei Z P,Xin X K,Hu S.Evaluation of nutrient status in the mainstream and tributaries of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Hydraulic Electrogenerating,2018(1):1-4.
• [11]卓海华,吴云丽,刘旻璇,等.三峡水库水质变化趋势研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2017,26(6):925-936.Zhuo H H,Wu Y L,Liu M X,Trend study of water quality in the three gorges reservoir[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2017,26(6):925-936.
• [12]曾辉,于志刚,宋立荣.三峡大坝建成后库区和长江干流浮游植物的动态演替[M].武汉:中科院水生所知识产出:2009年前,2008.Zeng H,Yu Z G,Song L R.Dynamic Succession of Phytoplankton in the Reservoir Area and the Mainstream of the Yangtze River after the Completion of the Three Gorges Dam[M].Wuhan:Chinese Academy of Sciences Aquatic Institute knowledge output,2009,2008.
• [13]姚庆祯,于志刚,陈洪涛,等.长江口营养盐的输送通量[C].//[s.l.]:中国海洋湖沼学会第九次全国会员代表大会暨学术研讨会论文摘要汇编,2007.Yao Q Z,Yu Z G,Che H T,et al.The Transport Flux of Nutrients in the Yangtze Estuary[C]//[s.l.]:Compilation of Abstracts of the Ninth National Member Congress and Symposium of the China Society of Marine Limnology,2007.
• [14]张怀静,翟世奎,范德江,等.三峡工程一期蓄水后长江口及其邻近海域悬浮物浓度分布特征[J].环境科学,2007,28(8):1655-1661.Zhang HJ,Zhai SK,Fan DJ et al.Distribution of suspended matter concentration in the Changjiang estuary and adjacent area after the first-stage storage of the Three Gorges Project[J].Environmental Science,2007,28(8):1655-1661.
• [15]Humborg C,Ittekkot V,Cociasu A,et al.Effect of Danube River dam on Black Sea biogeochemistry and ecosystem structure[J].Nature,1997,386(6623):385-388.
• [16]Wahby S D,Bishara N F,The effect of river Nile on Mediterranean water before and after the construction of the High Dam at Aswan[M].//Matin I M,Burton J D,Eisma D.River Inputs to Ocean Systems.New York:United Nations,1980:331-338.
• [17]Turner R E,Rabalais N N.Changes in Mississippi River water quality this century:Implications for coastal food webs[J].Bioscience,1991,41(3):140-147.
• [18]王健康,周怀东,陆瑾,等.三峡库区水环境中重金属污染研究进展[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2014,12(1):49-53.Wang J K,Gao B,Lu J,et al.Reviews of heavy metals pollution in water environment of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Journal of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,2014,12(1):49-53.
• [19]赵军,于志刚,陈洪涛,等.三峡水库156m蓄水后典型库湾溶解态重金属分布特征研究[J].水生态学杂志,2009,2(2):9-14.Zhao J,Yu Z G,Chen H T,et al.Distributions of dissolved heavy metals in the typical backwater regions of the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Journal of Hydroecology,2009,2(2):9-14.
• [20]Müller B,Berg M,Yao Z P,et al.How polluted is the Yangtze river?Water quality downstream from the Three Gorges Dam[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,402(2):232-247.
• [21]王健康,高博,周怀东,等.三峡库区蓄水运用期表层沉积物重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2012,33(5):1693-1699.Wang J K,Gao B,Zhou H D et al,Heavy metals pollution and its potential ecological risk of the sediments in three gorges reservoir during its impounding period[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(5):1693-1699.
• [22]Yang Z,Wang Y,Shen Z,et al.Distribution and speciation of heavy metals in sediments from the mainstream,tributaries,and lakes of the Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan,China[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,166(2-3):1186-1194.
• [23]Hua L,Ma H,Ji J.Concentration and distribution characteristic of main toxic metals in suspended particle material in Nanjing reach Changjiang River[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2011,173(1-4):361.
• [24]罗以生,吕平毓,陈虎.长江重庆主城区段悬浮泥沙与重金属浓度变化趋势分析[J].环境影响评价,2012,34(4):3-6.Luo YS,Lu PM,Chen H.Analysis of content change trend between suspended sand and heavy metals at Chongqing Urban section of Yangtze River[J].Environmental Impact Assessment,2012,34(4):3-6.
• [25]Yang S L,Milliman J D,Xu K H,et al.Downstream sedimentary and geomorphic impacts of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2014,138:469-486.
• [26]Dai Z,Liu J T.Impacts of large dams on downstream fluvial sedimentation:An example of the Three Gorges Dam(TGD)on the Changjiang(Yangtze River)[J].Journal of Hydrology,2013,480(4):10-18.
• [27]雷沛,曾祉祥,张洪,等.汉江襄阳段主要入江支流沉积物营养盐和重金属风险特征研究[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(5):1374-1382.Lei P,Zeng Z X,Zhang H,et al.Risk characteristics of nutrients and heavy metals in the sediments from the branches of Xiangyang section,Hanjiang River[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(5):1374-1382.
• [28]包先明,晁建颖,尹洪斌.太湖流域滆湖底泥重金属赋存特征及其生物有效性[J].湖泊科学,2016,28(5):1010-1017.Bao X M,Chao J Y,Yin H B.Occurrence characteristics and bioavailability of heavy metals in surface sediments of Lake Gehu,Taihu Basin[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2016,28(5):1010-1017.
• [29]李传琼,王鹏,陈波,等.鄱阳湖流域赣江水系溶解态金属元素空间分布特征及污染来源[J].湖泊科学,2018(1):139-149.Li CQ,Wang P,Chen B,et al.Spatial distribution and pollution source of dissolved metals in the Ganjiang River of Lake Poyang Basin[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2018(1):139-149.
• [30]张杰,陈熙,刘倩纯,等.鄱阳湖主要入湖口重金属的分布及潜在风险评价[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(1):95-100.Zhang J,Chen X,Liu Q C,et al.Distribution and potential risk assessment of heavy metals in the main estuaries of lake Poyangs tributaries[J].Resources&Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2014,23(1):95-100.
• [31]Yao Q,Wang X,Jian H,et al.Behavior of suspended particles in the Changjiang Estuary:Size distribution and trace metal contamination[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,103(1-2):159.
• [32]Zhao S,Feng C,Wang D,et al.Salinity increases the mobility of Cd,Cu,Mn,and Pb in the sediments of Yangtze Estuary:Relative role of sediments’properties and metal speciation[J].Chemosphere,2013,91(7):977-984.
• [33]Rong Z,Jiale Z,Xiu Z.Land use effects on the distribution and speciation of heavy metals and arsenic in coastal soils on Chongming island in the Yangtze River Estuary[J].China.Pedosphere,2016,26(1):74-84.
• [34]Nesbitt&Amp H W,Young G M.Early proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites[J].Nature,1982,299(5885):715-717.
• [35]Zhang J,Liu C L.Riverine composition and estuarine geochemistry of particulate metals in China-weathering features,anthropogenic impact and chemical fluxes[J].Estuarine Coastal&Shelf Science,2002,54(6):1051-1070.
• [36]Wen Y,Yang Z,Xia X.Dissolved and particulate zinc and nickel in the Yangtze River(China):Distribution,sources and fluxes[J].Applied Geochemistry,2013,31(2):199-208.
• [37]陈静生,王飞越,夏星辉.长江水质地球化学[J].地学前缘,2006,13(1):74-85.Chen J S,Wang F Y,Xia X H.Geochemistry of water quality of the Yangtze River basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(1):74-85.
• [38]辛成林,任景玲,张桂玲,等.黄河下游水体悬浮颗粒物中金属元素的地球化学行为[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(10):3127-3134.Xin C L,Ren J L,Zhang G L,et al.Geochemistry of metals in the suspended particles in the lower reach of the Huanghe[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(10):3127-3134.
• [39]Yang S,Jung H S,Li C.Two unique weathering regimes in the Changjiang and Huanghe drainage basins:geochemical evidence from river sediments[J].Sedimentary Geology,2004,164(1-2):19-34.
• [40]王为,周尚哲,李炳元,等.崂山山顶风化坑化学风化过程的岩石化学与矿物学证据[J].第四纪研究,2012,32(1):158-166.Wang W,Zhou S Z,Li B Y,et al.Petrochemistry and mineralogy evidences for the weathering process of the weathering pits on rock surfaces of Mountain Laoshan,China[J].Quaternary Sciences,2012,32(1):158-166.
• [41]张晶晶,陈爽,赵昕奕.近50年中国气温变化的区域差异及其与全球气候变化的联系[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,20(4):1-6.Zhang J J,Chen S,Zhao X Y.Spatial divergence of temperature change during 1951-2000in China and its correlation with global climate change[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2006,20(4):1-6.
• [42]陈静生,洪松,王立新,等.中国东部河流颗粒物的地球化学性质[J].地理学报,2000,55(4):417-427.Chen J S,Hong S,Wang L X et al.Geo-chemical parameters of river particulate in Eastern China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2000,55(4):417-427.
• [43]Shao J Q,Yang S Y,Chao L.Chemical indices(CIA and WIP)as proxies for integrated chemical weathering in China:Inferences from analysis of fluvial sediments[J].Sedimentary Geology,2012,265-266:110-120.
• [44]Mclennan S M.Weathering and Global Denudation[J].The Journal of Geology,1993,101(2):295-303.
• [45]Huntsman P,Kampunzu A B,Ringrose S.Cryptic indicators of provenance from the geochemistry of the Okavango Delta sediments,Botswana[J].Sedimentary Geology,2005,174:123-148.
• [46]Canfield D E.The geochemistry of river particulates from the continental USA:Major Elements[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,1997,61(16):3349-3365.
• [47]水利部长江水利委员会.长江泥沙公报[M].武汉:长江出版社,2015.Changjiang Water Resources Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources.Yangtze river sediment bulletin[M].Wuhan:Yangtze River Press,2015.
• [48]曾北危.湘江环境问题浅析[J].环境科学,1994,2(5):25-28.Zeng B W.Analysis of environmental problems in Xiangjiang River[J].Environmental Sciences,1984,2(5):25-28.
• [49]黄俊.螳螂川河流重金属污染与防治对策分析研究[J].环境科学导刊,2012(4):32-34.Huang J.A research on heavy metal pollution of Tanglangchuan River and countermeasures analysis[J].Environmental Science Survey,2012(4):32-34.
• [50]Presley B J,Trefry J H,Shokes R F.Heavy metal inputs to Mississippi Delta sediments[J].Water Air&Soil Pollution,1980,13(4):481-494.
• [51]Martin J M,Meybeck M.Elemental mass-balance of material carried by major world rivers[J].Marine Chemistry,1979,7(3):173-206.
• [52]Yiˇgiterhan O,Murray J W.Trace metal composition of particulate matter of the Danube River and Turkish rivers draining into the Black Sea[J].Marine Chemistry,2008,111(1-2):63-76.
• [53]Zhang J.Heavy metal compositions of suspended sediments in the Changjiang(Yangtze River)estuary:significance of riverine transport to the ocean[J].Continental Shelf Research,1999,19:1521-1543.
• [54]Zhang J.Riverine composition and estuarine geochemistry of particulate metals in China-weathering features,anthropogenic impact and chemical fluxes.Estuarine[J],Coastal and Shelf Science,2002,54:1051-1070.
• [55]Chen J,Wang F.Chemical composition of river particulates in eastern China[J].Geojournal,1996,40(1-2):31-37.

文章评论(Comment)：